© Photo: Kencho Gyeltshen, Smooth-coated Otters in Bhutan
The Library
The Library lists article references on otter ecology and conservation from the Himalayan regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. If you wish to add your own studies or suggest others please contact us.
Tracking Trade in the Himalayas
Resources
Otters of Nepal – species ID sheet – ready to be printed and laminated
Asian Short-Clawed Otter fact sheet
Smooth-Coated Otter fact sheet
Sanjan Thapa’s poster, in Nepali, about the species of otter in Nepal
Himalayan Otter Bibliography
Afghanistan
Birula, A. 1914. Notice sure la loutre du Pamir, Lutra lutra n. subspecies [in Russian]. Ezhegodnik Zoologiccheskogo Muzeja Rossikoj Akademii Nauka 19: 21-24.
Habib, B. 2007. Biodiversity Conservation in Afghanistan: Status of Mammals in Wakhan Corridor, Afghanistan. Final Report to USAID, Wildlife Conservation Society.
Habib, B. 2008. Status of mammals in Wakhan Afghanistan. Unpublished report, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Hassinger, J.D. 1973. A survey of mammals of Afghanistan from the 1965 Street Expedition (excluding bats). Fieldiana Zool. 60: 1-195.
Melisch, R. and G. Rietschel. 1996. The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra in Afghanistan. Bonn. Zool. Beitz. 46: 367-375.
Mishra, C. and A. Fitzherbert. 2004. War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor. Oryx 38(1): 102-105.
Nauman, C. and J. Niethammer. 1973. Die Saugetierfauna des afghanischen Pamir und des Wakhan. Bonn cool. Beitr 24: 237-248. [In German].
Nauroz, M.K. 1974. Raubtiere (Mammalia – Carnivora) Afghanistans. Thesis. University of Bonn, Bonn. [In German].
Niethammer, J. 1983. Die Saugetirfauna Afghanistans. Mitt. Dtsch. Orient Inst. 22: 211-228 [In German].
Ostrowski, S. 2016. The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra in Afghanistan: A review of the sparse available information. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 33(1): 50-53.
Bhutan
Bajracharya, D.M. 2001. Biodiversity in Mange Chu Catchment of Bhutan Himalaya. Environment and Agriculture: Biodiversity, Agriculture and Pollution in South Asia. pp. 19-24 in (Eds.): P.K. Jha, Baral, S.B. Karmacharya, H.D. Lekhak, P. Lacoul, and C.B. Baniya. Pub: Ecol. Society (ECOS), P.O. Box 6132, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Bree, P.J.H. 1968. Uber ein Exemplar von Lutrogale perspicillata (Geoffroy, 1826) (Mammalia, Carnivora) aus Bhutan. Zoologischer Anzeiger 180(1/2): 162-164. [In German].
India
Basak, S., B. Pandav, J.A. Johnson, and S.A. Hussain. Resource utilization of Smooth-coated otter in sub-Himalayan rivers of India. 2021. Global Ecology and Conservation 32 e08916.
Borker, A., K. Gogi, H. Krupa, M. Savage, N. Bhardwaj. 2022. Otter survey in Pakke Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalayas of India. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 39(1): 29-38.
Datta, A., R. Naniwadekar, M.O. Anand. 2008. Occurrence and conservation status of small carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, North-East India. Small Carnivore Conservation 39: 1-10.
Fox, J.L., C. Nurbu, S. Bhatt, and A. Chandola. 1994. Wildlife conservation and land-use changes in the transhimalayan region of Ladakh, India. Mountain Research and Development 14(1): 39-60.
Gupta, N., J.A. Johnson, K. Sivakumar, and V.B. Mother. 2016. The perilous voyage of Indian Himalayan ‘Ambassadors’ amidst anthropogenic pressures and changing climatic variables. Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 33(1): 33-36.
Hussain, S.A. 1993. Aspects of ecology of smooth-coated otter (Lutra perspicillata) in National Chambal Sanctuary. Ph.D. thesis.
Hussain, S.A. 1997. Status of otters and associated wetland fauna found in the Tarai and lower Himalayas of Uttar Pradesh. Study report Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
Hussain, S.A. 1998. Conservation status of otters in the Tarai and lower Himalayas of Uttar Pradesh in India. Proceedings of the VIIth International Otter Colloquium. Trebon. IUCN, (1990). IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, 192 pp.
Hussain S.A. 1999. Status of otter conservation in India. Envis Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, 2 (2): 92-97.
Hussain, S. A. 2002. Conservation status of otters in the Tarai and Lower Himalayas of Uttar Pradesh, India. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin A19: 131-142.
Hussain, S.A. 2006. Conservation status of otters in the Tarai and lower Himalayas of Uttar Pradesh, India. Proc. of the VII International otter Symposium, 13-19 March 1998, Trebon, Czech Republic. Dulfer, R., Conroy, J., Nel, J. & Gutleb, A.C. (eds). IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 19A: 131-142.
Hussain, S.A. 2013. Activity pattern, behavioral activity and interspecific interaction of smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) in National Chambal Sanctuary, India. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 30(1): 5-17.
Hussain, S.A. and B.C. Choudhury. 1997. Distribution and status of the smooth-coated otter Lutra perspillata in National Chambal Sanctuary India. Biological Conservation 80: 199-206.
Hussain, S.A., P.K. de Silva, M. Feeroz. 2008. Lutrogale perspicillata. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.
Mallon, D.P. 1991. Status and conservation of large mammals in Ladakh. Biological Conservation 56: 101-119.
Medhi, K., R. Chakraborty, and J. Upadhyay. 2014. Photographic record of smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata Geoffrey 1826) in Nyamjang Chu Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India. IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 31(2): 75-79.
Nawab, A. 2007. Ecology of Otters in Corbett Tiger Reserve, Uttarakhand, India. Diss. Ph.D. Thesis, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India.
Nawab, A. and P. Gautam. 2008. Otters: Can they be saved? In: M. Sengupta and R. Dalwani, eds. Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference. pp. 591-596.
Naniwadekar, R., U. Shukla, A. Vishwanathan, and A. Datta. 2013. Records of small carnivores from in and around Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Small Carnivore Conservation 49: 1-8.
Osbourne, B. C., D.P. Mallon, and S.J.R. Fraser. 1983. Ladakh, threatened stronghold of Himalayan mammals. Oryx: 182-189.
Savage, M. 2022. Otters in Northeast India: A review of the sparse available literature. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 39(2): 81-89.
Selvan, K.M., G.G. Veerswami, B. Habib, and S. Lyngdoh. 2013. Losing threatened and rare wildlife to hunting in Zio Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Current Science 104(11): 1492-1495.
Shawl, T., J. Takpa, P. Tashi, and Y. Panchaksharam. 2008. Field Guide Mammals of Ladakh. WWF-India.
Nepal
Acharya, P.M. 1997. Study of otters in Begnas and Rupa lakes of the Pokhara Valley in West Nepal. First phase research report to Nagao Natural Environment Foundation (NEF), Japan.
Acharya, P.M. 1998. Survey of status and distribution of otter in Rapti River of Royal Chitwan National Park. A report submitted to Otter Research Group, Japan.
Acharya, P. M. 1998. Otter action plan the country report Nepal. A report submitted in Otter Specialist Group, IUCN The World Conservation Union.
Acharya P. M. 2006a. Otter and wetland conservation in Nepal. In: Rimal N.N. (ed.), Water Resources, Security and Sustainability, Seepwater, Kathmandu, Nepal, 144-149.
Acharya, P.M. 2006b. Status of otter in Rapti River of Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Proceedings of training workshop on survey techniques and monitoring otter populations, Chitwan National Park. IUCN-SSC and Asian Specialist Group.
Acharya, P.M. 2010. Status and distribution of otters in Narayani River, Chitwan National Park. A research report submitted to the Rufford Foundation, U.K. 47 pages.
Acharya, P.M. and J.B. Gurung. 1994. A report on the status of the common otter (Lutra lutra) in Rupa and Bengas Tal, Pokhara Valley. Tigerpaper 21: 21-22.
Acharya, P.M., and S.L. Rajbhandari. 2006. Distribution and Conservation Status of Otters in Nepal. Training Workshop on Techniques and Monitoring of Otter Populations, 7-9 March 2006, IUCN/SSC and Asian Otter Specialist Group.
Acharya, P.M. and N. Rimal. 2007. Sustainability: human-well being and conservation of otter. Proceedings of Xth Otter Colloquium. 8 pp. Unpublished.
Acharya, P.M., and S.L. Rajbhandar. 2010. Habitat ecology and conservation of Lutrogale perspicillata in Narayani River.
Acharya, P.M. and P. Lamsal. 2011. A survey for smooth coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata on the river Narayani, Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Hystrix Italian Journal of Mammology 21(2): 203-207.
Acharya, P. M. and S.L. Rajbhandari. 2011. Status of otters in Nepal. Report to the Rufford Foundation. 8 pp.
Acharya, P.M. and S.L. Rajbhandari. 2012. Investigation of population status and habitats of Lutrogale perspicillata in Narayani River, Chitwan National Park. 2nd Phase Final Report to the Rufford Foundation. 41 pp.
Acharya, P.M. and S.L. Rajbhandari. 2014. Habitats of Lutrogale perspicillata in the Narayani River, Chitwan National Park, Nepal: assessment of water quality. Journal of Indian Research 2(1): 67-76.
Acharya, P.M. and S. L. Rajbhandari. No date. Distribution and Conservation Status of Otters in Nepal. A final research report submitted to Rufford Small Grants Foundation, UK. 12 pp.
Acharya, P.M. et al. 2022. Review of environmental policies and otter conservation in Nepal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 39(1): 44-55.
Baral, N. 2005. Resource use and conservation attitudes of local people in the western terai landscape, Nepal. M.Sc. Thesis. Florida International University, Miami, Florida.
Bashal, A. and B.P. Yadav. 2020. Opportunistic Smooth-coated (Lutrogale perspicillata) sightings record in the Bardiya National park of Nepal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 37(2): 120-126.
Basnet, A., B.S. Bist, P. Ghimire, P.M. Acharya. 2020. Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra): Exploring evidence in Nepal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 37(1): 29-37.
Basnet, A., P. Ghimire, Y.P. Timilsina, B.S. Bist. 2020. Otter research in Asia: Trends, biases and future direxctions. Global Ecology and Conservation 24: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01391
Bhandari, B. 1998. An inventory of Nepal’s terai wetlands. Final Report. Kathmandu, Nepal: IUCN – Nepal Wetland and Heritage Unit.
Bhandari, J. 2008. Status, Distribution and Major Threats to otter in Karnali River of Bardia National Park, Nepal. Bachelor’s Thesis. Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal. 31 pp.
Bhandari, J. and G.C.D. Bijaya. 2008. Preliminary survey and awareness for otter conservation in Rupa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal. Journal of Wetlands Ecology. 1(1/2): 2.
Evans, M., C. Heardman, S. Houghton, and C. Tiler. 1985. An ecological survey of the Narayani River, within the RCNP- A study of the fish distribution and their predators in particular the smooth Indian otter (Lutra perspicillata). Edinburgh University Expedition to Nepal, A report to the KMTNC, Nepal.
Houghton, S.J. (1987) The Smooth Coated Otter in Nepal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 2: 5-8.
Jha, S. 2008. Status and Conservation of Lowland Terai Wetlands in Nepal. Our Nature 6: 67-77.
Joshi, D. 2009. Status of Smooth Indian otter (Lutra perspicillata) and conservation of freshwater ecosystem outside protected areas of Bardia National Park in Karnali River, Nepal. A report submitted to Rufford Small Grants Foundation, U.K.
Kafle, G. 2008. Otters in Nepal: Urgent Need for Action! Journal of Wetlands Ecology. 1(1/2): 1.
Kafle, G. 2007. Status and conservation of Ramsar sites and associated biodiversity in Nepal with emphasis on Ghodaghodi Lake Area. A M.Sc. thesis submitted to Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, Nepal.
Kafle, G. 2009. Review on research and conservation of otters in Nepal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 26(1): 32–43.
Kafle, G. 2011a. Otter research and conservation project in wetlands of high hills, Nepal: A final research report submitted to Rufford Small Grants Foundation, UK. 17 pp.
Kafle, G. 2011b. Otter research and conservation project in wetlands of high hills, Nepal. Wetland Friends of Nepal (Nepal Otter Research and Conservation Initiative). 18 pp.
Katuwal, H.B. and S. Koirala (eds.) 2012. Proceedings of Third Seminar on Small Mammals Issues. Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal, 55 pp.
Misra, R. et al. 2022. Photographic evidence of Smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata in Koshi Tappy Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 39:(4) 189-195.
Niraula, M.P. 2009. Status, distribution and habitat of otter in Narayani River, Chitwan National Park. A Bachelor thesis submitted to SchEMS, Pokhara University. 47 pp.
Pandit, C. 2012. Conservation and Distribution Status of otter in Buffer Zone Area of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. In: H.B. Katuwal and S. Koirala, eds. Proceedings of Third Seminar on Small Mammals Issues. Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal, 55 pp.
Savage, M. and M.B. Shrestha. 2019. The illegal trade in otter pelts in Nepal. TRAFFIC Bulletin 30(2): 59-63.
Shrestha, T. 1988. Status, ecology and behaviour of smooth otter Lutra perspicillata in the Himalayan rivers of Nepal. In: Asia Otter Specialist Group Newsletter 1, P. Foster-Turley and C. Santiapillai (eds.) WWF-Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 10.
Shrestha, A., R. Chhetri, and S.N. Khanal. 2006. An investigation on the park and people problems: special emphasis on the impact of wetland surrounding vegetation due to overgrazing of livestock in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, K.U. Vol. II (1).
Shrestha, M.B. et al. 2021. Otter survey along the Sanibheri River and its tributaries, the Pelma and Utterganga Rivers in Rukum District, Western Nepal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 38(5): 267-278.
Shrestha, M.B., G. Shrestha, S. Reule, S. Oli, T.B. Ghartimagar, G. Singh, D.M. Tripathi, C.J. Law, K.B. Shah, and M. Savage. 2021. First evidence of Eurasian otter in Nepal in three decades. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 38(5): 279-291.
Shrestha, T.K. 1997. Mammals of Nepal with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan. Mandela book. Point, Nepal. 371 pp.
Thapa, I., and B.R. Dahal. 2000. Sustainable wetland management for wildlife and people at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. Banko Jankari, Bird Conservation, Nepal, Kathmandu.
Thapa, P., G.C.D. Bijaya, J. Bhandari, B.P. Devkota, T. Silwal, and L. Can. 2021. Distribution, threats, and community perceptions of otters in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal. OTTER: Journal of the International Otter Survival Fund 2020 128-142.
Thapa, S. 2020. Volunteering for otter conservation in Nepal: communicating with local communities. Journal of Wetland Ecology https://doi.org/10.3126/jowe.v2020i0.31624
Thapa, T.B. 2002. Survey of smooth coated otter Lutra perspicillata in the Karnali River of Royal Bardia National Park. A report submitted to the International Otter Survival Fund, U.K.
Yonzon, P.B. 1998. Baseline information on wildlife of the west Seti River Valley with emphasis on bird and mammals. A report to the West Seti Hydro- Electric project. SMEC Ltd.
Yonzon, P. 2006. Wildlife Trade with Focus to Otters in Nepal, Training Workshop on Survey Techniques and Monitoring Otter Populations 7-9 March 2006, Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal.
Yozon, P.B. 2007. Baseline information on wildlife in the west Seti River valley, with emphasis on birds and mammals. A report to the West Seti Hydro-electric project SMEC Ltd.
Yoxon, P. 1992. Fur trade in Kathmandu: Implications for India. TRAFFIC/WWF Publication. 12 pp.
Pakistan
Chaudry, I. U. 1991. Otters in Pakistan. In: Reuther, C. and R. Rochert, eds. Proceedings of the International Otter Colloquium, Hankensbuttel. Habitat 6: 63-50.
Khan, W.A. and H.B. Bhagat. 2010. Otter conservation in Pakistan. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 27(2): 89-92.
Khan, W.A., M. Qasim, E. Ahmad, A. A. Chaudhry, H. B. Bhaagat and M. Akhtar. 2010. Status of Smooth Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata sindica) in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 42(6): 817-824.
Kahn, M.B., K.B. Ahmed, M.S. Awan, U. Ali, R.A. Minhas and S.A. Choudary. 2012. Distribution, population status and habitat utilization of common otter (Lutra lutra) in Neelum Valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44(1): 233-239.
Khan, W.A. and M. Quasim. 2010. Otter survey in Indus eco-region: Otter population estimation. WWF Pakistan, Internal Report. 167 pp.
Roberts, T.J. 1977. The Mammals of Pakistan. E. Benn, London and Tonbridge.
Ullah, I., U. Noureen, M. Arshad, and W. Jadoon. 2012. Factors influencing distribution of Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Swat and Dir Districts, Pakistan. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 29(1): 24-33.
Wayre, P. 1972. Report on the stste of otters in West Pakistan with suggestions for their conservation. International Zoolological Yearbook 2: 1-12.
Authors Unknown. 1991. Kohistan, Gilgit, Kunhar River, and Hazara Naran: Otters in Pakistan. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry 41: 31.
Tibet
The Endangered Mammals of Tibet. 2005. Environment and Development Desk/Department of Information and International Relations/Central Tibetan Administration. A Publication of the Tibetan Community in India. Narthang Press, Dharamshala, India. 55 pp.
Asia – General
Badola, R. and S.A. Hussain. 2000. Status of wildlife conservation in India: Need for public awareness programme. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conservation and Public Awareness of Otters, C. Santiapellai and H. Sasaki (eds.) December 9-13. Taichung, Taiwan. pp. 125-131.
Conroy, J., R. Melisch, and P. Chanin. 1998. The distribution and status of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Asia — A preliminary review. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 15(1): 15-39.
De Silva, P. K. 1989. Aspects of behaviour and ecology of Old World otters. A review. Proceedings of Vth International Otter Colloquium.
De Silva, P.K. 1995. The status of otters in Asia and southeast Asia. In: Reuther, C., Rowe-Rowe, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the VIth International Otter Colloquium. Habitat 11: 33-35.
De Siva, P. K. 2006a. A guide to the identification of spraints and tracks of Asian otters. Asian Otter Secretariat. Sri Lanka.
De Silva, P.K. 2006b. A guide to the identification and analysis of prey remains in otter spraints. Asian Otter Secretariat. Sri Lanka.
De Silva, P.K., and Lombardi, D. 2001. Studies on otters in selected areas in Asia. Project Report. IUCN/SSC Asian Otter Secretariat and Columbus Zoological Park Association, Ohio.
Foster-Turley, P. and C. Santiapillai. 1990. Action plan for Asian otters. Pp. 52-63 In Otters, An Action Plan for Their Conservation. P. Foster-Turley, S.M. Macdonald, and C.F. Mason, eds. IUCN/SSC, Otter Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 126.
Foster-Turley, P. 1991. The status of otters in Asia. In: Reuther, C. and R. Rochert, eds. Proceedings of the V International Otter Colloquium. Habitat 6: 21-25.
Gupta, N, J.A. Johnson, K. Sivakumar, and V.B. Mathur. 2016. The perilous voyage of Indian Himalayan ‘Ambassadors’ amidst anthropogenic pressures and changing climatic variables. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 33(1): 33-36.
Reuther, C., and S.A. Hussain. 2000. Aims and objectives of the IUCN/SSC Otter Action Plan 2000 and progress achieved in compilation with special reference to the Asian region: A report. In: C. Santiapillai and H. Sasaki (eds.) Proceedings of the Workshop on Conservation and Public Awareness of Otters. Taiwan. pp. 139-143.
Illegal Trade
Chutia, P. 2010. Studies on hunting and the conservation of wildlife species in Arunchal Pradesh. SIBCOLTEJO 5: 56-67.
Heinen, J. T., and B. Leisure. 1993. A new look at the Himalayan fur trade. Oryx 27(4): 231-238.
Heinen, J.T. and P. D. P. Chapagain. 2002. On the expansion of species protection in Nepal: Advances and pitfalls of new efforts to implement and comply with CITES. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 5:3, 235-250. doi: 10.1080/13880290209354012.
International Otter Survival Fund 2008. Alarming trade in otter fur. IV49 9DE, Scotland. 11 pp.
Lau, M. W-N., J.R. Fellowes, and B.P.L. Chan. 2010. Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in South China: A status review with notes on the commercial trade. Mammal Review 40: 247-292.
Lenzen, M., D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, B. Foran, L. Lobefaro, and A. Geschke. 2012. International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations. Nature 486(7401): 109-112.
Li, Y-M., Z. Gao, X. Li, S. Wang, and N. Jari. 2000. Illegal wildlife trade in the Himalayan region of China. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 901-918.
Li, Z., Ning Hua, and Shan Sun. 2008. Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 1493-1516.
Mishra, C., M.D. Madhusudan, and A. Datta. 2006. Mammals of the high altituds of western Arunchal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs. Oryx 40(1): 1-7.
Mouat, T. 1982. How customs control the trade in wildlife. Oryx 16(04): 334-336.
Rawal, R.S. and U. Dhar. 2001. Protected area network in Indian Himalayan region: need for recognizing values of low profile protected areas. Current Science 81(2): 175-184.
Savage, M. and M.B. Shrestha. 2018. The illegal trade in otter pelts in Nepal. TRAFFIC Bulletin 30(3): 59-63.
Shakya, Mangal Man. 2004. Trading for Extinction: An expose of Illegal Wildlife Trade in Nepal. Wordscape. 68 pages.
TRAFFIC. 1992. Fur trade in Kathmandu. Worldwide Fund for Nature-India. 10 pp.
Wright, L., C. Benedetto, P. Yoxon, and G. Yoxon. 2008. Otters–the forgotten victims of wildlife crime. Ratel 35(1): 25-28.
Yi-Min, L., G. Zenxiang, W. Sung, and J. Niemela. 2000. Illegal wildlife trade in the Himalayan region of China. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 901-918